Monterey Initiative in Russian Studies Podcast

In this Monterey Conversation, two leading scholars of the Soviet and post-Soviet space programs, Michael Gordin and Asif Siddiqi, addressed the effects of the USSR’s disintegration on the Soviet space program; the ways in which this program was handled by the Russian Federation in the 1990s; and the place of the Russian space program in cooperation and competition with the United States. The Monterey Conversation participants also discussed the current status of the Russian space program. This Monterey Conversation was moderated by Lisa Becker, an alumna of the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia 2020.

The arrest of Evan Gershkovich, a Wall Street Journal reporter, in Russia, in March 2023, has shone a light on the challenges of international reporting on Russia. In this Monterey conversation, two distinguished journalists, Valerie Hopkins (The New York Times) and Andrew Roth (The Guardian) addressed the task of reporting on Russia when it was very difficult for Western journalists to work there. Valerie Hopkins and Andrew Roth discussed such issues as access to information and described the kinds of stories that could be written and the kinds of stories that were not getting written. This Monterey Conversation was moderated by Hanna Notte.

The Ambassadorial Series is a collection of interviews with nine former U.S. ambassadors to Russia and the Soviet Union, presented in video, podcast, and PDF format, for use by scholars and students of international relations. A new segment, the interview with Ambassador John Sullivan by Jill Dougherty has been recorded in January 2023 and added to the Ambassadorial Series.

In his interview for the Ambassadorial Series John Sullivan, US Ambassador to Russia for both the Trump and Biden administrations, shares his experience during the phase of increasingly tense relations between the United States and Russia that culminated in the February 24, 2022 invasion of Ukraine.

The present often modifies the past. For a few areas of historical inquiry, this is as true as for the history of the Cold War. In this Monterey Conversation, moderated by Jeremi Suri (University of Texas at Austin), Mary Sarotte (Johns Hopkins SAIS) and Serhii Plokhii (Harvard University) talked through the connection between the Cold War and the war in Ukraine, focusing on the history of Ukraine and the history of U.S.-Russian/U.S.-Soviet relations. They discussed the ways in which this conflict is embedded in the history of the Cold War, and how this conflict may cause us to think differently about the Cold War.

In this Monterey Conversation, Ali Wyne (Eurasia Group), who is the author of a recent book, America's Great-Power Opportunity, and Kori Schake (American Enterprise Institute) contrasted great-power opportunities to the prospect of great-power competition and related these theoretical debates to the triad of the United States, Russia and China. What is a great power? Where among the great powers do the opportunities lie? And where do the dangers lie? This Monterey Conversation is moderated by Michael Kimmage. 

News coverage has been a crucial element of every modern war. In this Monterey Conversation, two distinguished journalists - CNN’s Clarissa Ward and the New Yorker’s Joshua Yaffa - discussed the complexities of gathering accurate information, the role of social media in the prosecution and coverage of the war, and the balance between the war’s many local realities on the one hand and its global impact on the other. They took up the achievements of journalists covering the war, while also reflecting on where journalists and journalism have fallen short. 

In this conversation, moderated by Hanna Notte, Professor Michael Gordin and Professor Siegfried Hecker discussed the role of modern physical sciences in the U.S.-Soviet and U.S.-Russian relationship: What collaboration between scientists from both countries exist historically? Were there instances in which such collaboration had a positive impact on policy, and what can be learned from them for the future? And why and how does science diplomacy matter more generally?

In the May/June issue of Foreign Affairs, the historian Stephen Kotkin published an essay titled “The Cold War Never Ended.” In this conversation, moderated by Michael Kimmage, Professor Kotkin discussed the history of the Cold War, the thirty-year period between the collapse of the Soviet Union and Russia’s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine and the unfinished nature of the Cold War contest that began in the 1940s. Professor Kotkin brought historical examples and precedents to bear on causes of the current war. Kleinheinz Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Professor Kotkin is the author of many books on Soviet and post-Soviet history. He also writes frequently on international affairs in the present tense. Michael Kimmage is a professor of history at the Catholic University of America.

The United States has been a key factor in the war launched by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. This panel on the Biden administration strategies and decision-making takes up three questions in turn. What was the Biden administration policy before the war? In what ways has the Biden administration policy shaped outcomes in the war? And what end state for the war is the Biden administration trying to achieve? This panel features three leading experts on Western policy toward Russia and Ukraine: Andrea Kendall-Taylor of the Center for a New American Century; Michael Kofman of the Center for Naval Analysis; and Kadri Liik of the European Council on Foreign Relations.

Europe is facing unprecedented turbulence. This installment of the Monterey Conversations is not forcing any analogies between past and present. Instead, it takes up the subject of the First World War with an eye to its present-day salience. What might the origins of World War I tell us about the nature of conflict in Europe? How did the First World War become a world war in the first place? And how did World War I end - on the battlefield and at the diplomatic tables? What can we learn today from the elusiveness of order and the recurrence of disorder in Europe since 1914? To take up these questions we have two remarkable scholars, Margaret MacMillan, author of Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World and The War that Ended Peace; and Patrick Cohrs, author of The New Atlantic Order: The Transformation of International Politics, 1860-1933.

Historically, Foreign Affairs magazine has published some of the most important writing on Russia, the Soviet Union and the post-Soviet space, going back to George Kennan’s legendary “X” article of 1947. In this conversation, Michael Kimmage and Daniel Kurtz-Phelan (Editor of Foreign Affairs) discussed the origins of the war in Ukraine, the global ramifications of this war and the choices faced by the Biden administration. It also took a close look at the policy debate over which Foreign Affairs has presided since February. What is the spectrum of opinion? And what is the relationship between policy prescription and the analysis of a rapidly unfolding situation on the ground?

Galina Yuzefovich and Alexander Baunov discuss the state of literature at a time of war, addressing such questions as whether the reading of literature will be overshadowed by the reading of news and whether new identities and literary trends will form. Informed by the speakers' knowledge of classical literature, the discussion offers a way of looking at the current war in Ukraine through a classical literary lens.

Robert Legvold, Olga Oliker, and Sergey Radchenko discuss the future of diplomacy between Russia and the United States, including the extent to which diplomacy is still possible and the priorities that must define it.

Hanna Notte analyzes the prisms through which Russia views the MENA region and provides a comprehensive overview of Russia’s regional foreign policy interests and strategies.

Ambassador Steven Pifer presents his insights on the historical origins of the Russia-Ukraine war, including the Kremlin’s motivations for invading, and predicts the conflict’s future trajectory.  

Ambassador Steven Pifer is William J. Perry Fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford and was a U.S. Foreign Service Officer for 25 years, serving in many positions including U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine.

Robert Legvold and Dmitri Trenin discuss the possible future scenarios faced by the Russian state, addressing the state leaders’ perception of the status quo, their goals, and the challenges they must confront in both domestic and foreign policy. The event is moderated by Michael Kimmage.

Hans Gutbrod, Associate Professor at Ilia State University in Tbilisi, Georgia, elaborates on the ethics of political commemoration, using just war theory to develop a framework for making memory politics more constructive and sustainable.

Ivan Kurilla and Jade McGlynn discuss the importance of history in politics and vice versa, analyzing the ways in which political actors are at once shaping, and shaped by, the past.

Andrei Zorin, Professor of Russian and Fellow of New College, Oxford University, discusses Russia’s mythology of supreme power in its traditional and modern iterations as well as the nuances of Russian national identity. 

Andrei Zorin, Professor of Russian and Fellow of New College, Oxford University, discusses Russia’s myth of national transformation, particularly the five transformations that have shaped the country’s historical course, from the adoption of Christianity to the 2022 war in Ukraine.

Yuri Slezkine and Jade McGlynn speak about the legacies, memories, and identities associated with the Soviet Union as they are experienced in Russia and its neighboring states.

Serhii Plokhii, Sergey Radchenko, and Vladislav Zubok offer unique insights on the how and why of the Soviet collapse in a roundtable that challenges popular historiographical myths about the world-shaking event.  

Serhii Plokhii is the Mykhailo Hrushevsky Professor of Ukrainian History and the director of the Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University. His book, The Last Empire: The Final Days of the Soviet Union, was published in 2015.  

Sergey Radchenko is the Wilson E. Schmidt Distinguished Professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. He has written extensively on the Cold War, nuclear history, and on Russian and Chinese foreign and security policies.  

Vladislav Zubok is Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His books include, among others, A Failed Empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (University of North Carolina Press, 2007), and Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union (Yale University Press, 2021).

Regina Elsner, Andrei Tsygankov, and Zheng Wang discuss the role of emotions, values, and historical memory in international relations and reveal the limitations of rationality-based explanations in particular instances.

Mark Galeotti, Michael Kofman, and Marlene Laruelle discuss Russian power at the intersection of military might, elite loyalty, and public support. The discussion is moderated by Michael Kimmage. 

Mark Galeotti demystifies the “siloviki” by unpacking their identity, diversity, and influence over Russian elite policymaking and society at large.

Amb. Venkatesh Varma analyzes the factors of stability in the India-Russia relationship and outlines how the conflict in Ukraine is seen from New Delhi.  

Amb. Venkatesh Varma was a Member of the Indian Foreign Service from 1988 to 2021. During his diplomatic career, he has worked in the Ministry of External Affairs, in the Office of External Affairs Minister and in the Prime Minister’s Office. He served as India’s Ambassador to Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, to the Kingdom of Spain and to the Russian Federation, until October 2021.

Marlene Laruelle and Vuk Vuksanovic discuss the sources of Russian soft power and the Kremlin’s flexible tactics of projecting influence abroad. The discussion focuses in particular on the Balkans, where local actors play a significant role in amplifying Russian narratives.  

Marlene Laruelle is Director and Research Professor at the Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies (IERES), Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University.  

Vuk Vuksanovic is a senior researcher at the Belgrade Centre for Security Policy (BCSP) and an associate at LSE IDEAS, a foreign policy think tank within the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

Edward Fishman presents his insights on how sanctions became the preferred U.S. policy response to Russian aggression in 2014 and 2022, followed by Adam Stulberg’s discussion of the theoretical considerations that factor into the sanctions-related policy calculus.  

Edward Fishman is an Adjunct Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council, and an Adjunct Professor of International and Public of Affairs at Columbia University.  

Adam Stulberg is a Professor and Co-Director of the Center for International Strategy, Technology, and Policy (CISTP) in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs.

Panelists Rose Gottemoeller, Sam Charap, David Holloway, and Siegfried Hecker discuss the possible outcomes of the war in Ukraine as well as its grave implications for strategic stability and the global nuclear order.

Liana Fix explains the international and domestic factors that have shaped Germany’s policy approach toward Russia since the 1990s, particularly in the spheres of security, energy, and conflict resolution.  

Dr. Liana Fix is a Program Director at the International Affairs department of Koerber Foundation in Berlin and a former resident fellow in GMF’s Washington office. She is a historian and political scientist, and her work focuses on Russia and Eastern Europe, European security, arms control, and German foreign policy.  

The event is moderated by Michael Kimmage.

Galip Dalay and Hanna Notte discuss Turkey’s geopolitical balancing act between the West and Russia, focusing on the cooperation and competition between Moscow and Ankara in such aspects as defense, energy, and conflict resolution.

Nikolay Kozhanov, Research Associate Professor at Qatar University’s Gulf Studies Center, presents his analysis of how MENA countries have perceived Russia’s role in the region since 1991.

Thomas Graham, distinguished fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, analyzes the two main pillars of U.S. policy toward Russia after 1991, explaining each administration’s rationale for following the grand strategy and how it led to crisis.

This event was recorded via Zoom on July 8, 2022 as part of the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia. 

Alexander Gabuev, Senior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, discusses the foundations of the Russia-China relationship and its evolution against the background of the conflict in Ukraine.

This event was recorded via Zoom on July 8, 2022 as part of the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia. 

Henry Wang, Founder and President of Center for China and Globalization, speaks about the historical and current conditions that shaped the Russia-China partnership and proposes a multilateral path toward peace in Ukraine. The event is moderated by Alexander Gabuev.

This event was recorded on July 8, 2022 as part of the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia. 

Dr. Thomas Graham, distinguished fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, presents his insights on the situation in the world today, the objectives of Russia and the West, as well as the priorities of U.S. Russia policy going forward.

This event was recorded via Zoom on July 6, 2022 as part of the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia. 

This is a conversation about the notion of the free world, stemming from a May 6, 2022 Foreign Affairs article published by Peter Slezkine (East China Normal University). In this article, Slezkine argues that the Cold War idea of the free world maps only inaccurate onto the current war in Ukraine. Joining him to debate this idea are Anatol Lieven (Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft) and Jeffrey Gedmin (American Purpose), who offer their perspectives on the proper connections between the Cold War past and the 21st-century present, asking not just about the trouble with the "free world” but whether the free world is itself in trouble or whether the free world is once again salient and ascendant. 

This conversation takes up the work of two leading English-language journalists, Joshua Yaffa (The New Yorker) and Anton Troianovski (The New York Times), both of whom are covering the war in Ukraine. At issue is the challenges of covering this war, the difficulties of writing about Russia when so many non-Russian journalists have either left the country or been expelled, and the uses and abuses of information in this first major twenty-first century war.

In this Monterey Conversation, Michael Kimmage (The Catholic University of America), Olga Malinova (Higher School of Economics), Will Pyle (Middlebury College) and Jade McGlynn (Monterey Initiative in Russian Studies) examine the politicized memory of the 1990s and its role in shaping Russian society, attitudes towards the West, and sense of national humiliation. They contrast this with the economic reality of that era, outlining how the turbulence was used to fuel a sense of grievance and consider where memory and history diverge and how political uses of the 1990s are changing against the backdrop of Russia’s war on Ukraine.

For this Monterey Conversation, Michael Kimmage (The Catholic University of America), Max Bergmann (CSIS), Hans Kundnani (Chatham House), Jade McGlynn (Monterey Initiative in Russian Studies) and Rachel Rizzo (Atlantic Council) explore the many European reverberations of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This panel assesses the war itself as a threat to European security and the challenge the war presents to NATO and the EU as well as the long-term opportunities that may result from this terrible war. Recorded via Zoom on June 6, 2022.

The Ukraine Scenarios

Since the start of Russia’s war in Ukraine, many predictions about the course of the war have been put into question. In this conversation, Michael Kimmage (The Catholic University of America), Justin Vogt (Foreign Affairs) and Liana Fix (Koerber Foundation) will discuss the multiple pathways of this war - and the consequences for US and European security if the war doesn’t end.

Prisoners of History?: Memory, Myth-Making, and Russia’s War on Ukraine

In this Monterey Conversation, Ivan Krastev (Centre for Liberal Studies), Jade McGlynn (Middlebury Institute), and Michael Kimmage (Catholic U.) discussed the role of historical myths in justifying Russia’s invasion of Ukraine as well as how the systemic flaws of the authoritarian power vertical in Russia contributed to masking reality and the extent to which analysts overlooked the role of emotion and messianism in Russian decision-making. Recorded via Zoom on April 15, 2022.

Professor Serhii Plokhii, Director of Harvard University’s Ukrainian Research Institute, discusses the competing narratives surrounding Ukraine’s national identity – both their historical origins and their modern implications. This is Part 3 of a three-part lecture series, "Understanding Ukrainian History" which serves as an introductory module to the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia. Recorded via Zoom on June 27, 2022.

Professor Serhii Plokhii, Director of Harvard University’s Ukrainian Research Institute, discusses the competing narratives surrounding Ukraine’s national identity – both their historical origins and their modern implications. This is Part 2 of a three-part lecture series, "Understanding Ukrainian History" which serves as an introductory module to the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia. Recorded via Zoom on June 24, 2022.

Professor Serhii Plokhii, Director of Harvard University’s Ukrainian Research Institute, discusses the competing narratives surrounding Ukraine’s national identity – both their historical origins and their modern implications. This is Part 1 of a three-part lecture series, "Understanding Ukrainian History" which serves as an introductory module to the Monterey Summer Symposium on Russia. Recorded via Zoom on June 22, 2022.

"But I think what I learned, perhaps it's most significant, I took away lessons that I think are valid all the way through all of my experience, were two or three important things. One, that Russia has its own culture, history, interests, values, and so forth. And they are not Americans. They are different from America. Their experience is different. Their geography is different. They face different issues. They have different aspirations in many ways. And that one has to start with the premise that you respect that." - Ambassador James F. Collins

The Monterey Initiative in Russian Studies at the Middlebury Institute introduces The Ambassadorial Series: Deans of U.S. - Russia Diplomacy, Part Two of The Ambassadorial Series. Part Two consists of six plus hours of conversations with Ambassadors Jack F. Matlock, Thomas R. Pickering, and James F. Collins about crucial events and developments in U.S.-Russia relations. Focusing on the 1990s – from the disintegration of the USSR to President Putin's ascent to Russia’s highest office a decade later, Part Two, hosted by Dr. Hanna Notte, continues to offer firsthand accounts and analyses of the cataclysmic changes that transformed Russian politics and society. 

"Yeltsin was in a bit of a corner in all of this. I think he himself felt it was an absolute disaster to use a military option against Serbia. Now, were we prepared for this. Were the Americans, I think, sensitive enough to what this was going to mean? No, they weren't. I'm not sure we at the embassy even understood how deeply the reaction was going to go or how effective the people who were Yeltsin's critics were going to be in using what we did in Serbia against him and against the, if you will, the Westerners, but they were and it put them on the defensive and it made it very difficult for the Yeltsin team for quite some time." - Ambassador James F. Collins

The Monterey Initiative in Russian Studies at the Middlebury Institute introduces The Ambassadorial Series: Deans of U.S. - Russia Diplomacy, Part Two of The Ambassadorial Series. Part Two consists of six plus hours of conversations with Ambassadors Jack F. Matlock, Thomas R. Pickering, and James F. Collins about crucial events and developments in U.S.-Russia relations. Focusing on the 1990s – from the disintegration of the USSR to President Putin's ascent to Russia’s highest office a decade later, Part Two, hosted by Dr. Hanna Notte, continues to offer firsthand accounts and analyses of the cataclysmic changes that transformed Russian politics and society.